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| Margin entire, deeply lobed, lobes 9-12, new growth densely pubescent, fruit pencil-shaped
Cecropiaceae (Cecropia)
| Margin serrate, lobes 7-9, nectar glands at petiole apex, glabrous, fruit spiny
Euphorbiaceae (Ricinus)
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| Stems with pith, basal lateral veins often arise above base, often with scratchy hairs and rank odor
Asteraceae (Neomirandea, Montanoa, Podachaenium)
| Watery white latex, lobes with secondary lobes, no odor, glabrous
Caricaceae (Carica)
| Milky latex in petiole, strong garlic odor, margin entire, glabrous, dry forest below 900 m
Hernandiaceae (Gyrocarpus)
| Petioles varying in length, no latex, margin often weakly toothed
Araliaceae (Dendropanax)
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| Margin entire, one pair of lobes, leaves large, stipules heart-shaped and stalked, seasonal forest below 900 m
Bombacaceae (Ochroma)
| Margin serrate, large leaves, stringy bark, simple hairs, small yellow flowers
Tiliaceae (Heliocarpus)
| Margin crenate, stringy bark, stellate hairs, large red flowers, widespread shrubs on Pacific slope
Malvaceae (Malvaviscus)
| Margin serrate, simple hairs, without mucilage, large yellow flowers, seasonal forest below 700 m
Cochlospermaceae (Cochlospermum)
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| Leaf elongate, orange sap, margin serrate
Papaveraceae (Bocconia)
| Leaf elongate, margin with weak teeth
Asteraceae (Senecio, Verbesina)
| Stellate hairs and spines OR glabrous with strong rank odor, not serrate
Solanaceae (Solanum)
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| Nectar glands on petiole, crenate, latex copious, inconspicuous stipules
Euphorbiaceae (Sapium, Tetrorchidium)
| Finger-shaped glands in petiole axil, entire, latex copious
Apocynaceae (Plumeria, Thevetia)
| Leaves entire, obovate with bottle-shaped petiole (one with many parallel lateral veins), latex slow-leaf buds bunched
Sapotaceae (Manilkara, Pouteria, Sideroxylon)
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| Petioles slender, many parallel lateral veins, twigs not ridged
Sapotaceae (Chrysophyllum)
| Petioles short and bowed, lateral veins normal, sparse latex in petiole, twigs zig-zagged with lateral ridges
Olacaceae (Heisteria)
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| Leaves pinnately lobed with serrate margin, orange watery sap
Papaveraceae (Bocconia)
| Leaves spiraled, mango odor, slow resinous latex that dries black
Anacardiaceae (Anacardium)
| Leaves distichous, blue-green below, watery red latex
Myristicaceae (Virola)
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| Thick clear sap in petioles, some with red latex in trunk, 3-veined leaves, crenate, and/or nectar glands on base of blade, minute stipules
Euphorbiaceae (Croton, Gymnanthes)
| Meager black latex in stem, opaque red or translucent yellow dots and dashes, obscure lateral veins, leaf margins inrolled in bud
Myrsinaceae
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| Twigs angular or asymmetric in cross-section, always entire
Lauraceae
| Twigs round, translucent dots, petiole swollen at base and apex, sometimes crenate
Rutaceae (Stauranthus, Zanthoxylum)
| Nectar glands at base of blade, stellate hairs or scales
Euphorbiaceae (Croton)
| Leaf whitish below, secondary veins obscure
Winteraceae (Drimys)
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| Simple hairs or glabrous, no latex, stringy bark in trunk
Annonaceae
| Stellate hairs, latex red in trunk, clear in petiole, pseudo-whirled branching
Myristicaceae (Virola)
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| Elastic fibers in torn leaf, twig bark extremely stringy (but not trunk), small white lenticels
Thymelaeaceae (Daphnopsis)
| Petiole slightly winged, parallel secondary and inter-secondary veins, inconspicuous stipules
Fabaceae (Swartzia)
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| White pith, entire or irregularly toothed margins, often with scratchy hairs, perma-press leaves
Asteraceae
| Rank tar odor, often with leaves paired at a node, stipule-like leaves, spines, stellate and branched hairs, or lobed
Solanaceae (Cestrum, Solanum, etc.)
| Strong rank odor, entire and spiralled, multiply forked inflorescence
Boraginaceae (Tournefortia)
| Spoiled tuna and garlic odor, few strongly ascending lateral veins, shade leaves often pinnate
Proteaceae (Roupala)
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| Entire to irregularly toothed or lobed margins, spongy pith, often with scratchy hairs, perma-press leaves
Asteraceae
|
| Leaf 3-veined, double pulvinus, sessile glands at base of blade, often crenate, simple hairs or glabrous
Flacourtiaceae (Hasseltia, Pleuranthodendron)
| Petioles uniform in length, peltate scales or stellate hairs, stalked nectar glands on petiole or sessile on blade
Euphorbiaceae (Alchornea, Croton, Sapium, Tetrorchidium)
|
| Red opaque or yellow translucent dots and dashes, entire or weakly crenate, obscure lateral veins, long pointed leaf bud, leaf margins inrolled in bud, meager black latex in stem
Myrsinaceae
| Translucent dots, aromatic odor, petiole often swollen at base and/or apex, often crenate
Rutaceae (Peltostigma, Stauranthus, Zanthoxylum)
| Twigs grooved and ridged (asymmetric), mixed alternate and opposite leaves, entire, weak aromatic odor
Lauraceae (Beilschmiedia, Persea)
| Sap red in trunk, clear in petiole, distichous, leaf often paler below with stellate hairs, pseudo-whirled branching- Myristicaceae (Virola)
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| Midvein sunken above, some leaves appearing opposite, bunched at twig tips, leaves oblong with blunt apex
Proteaceae (Panopsis)
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| Leaves, leaf buds and stipules bunched at twig tip, stellate hairs, minute stipule scars
Fagaceae (Quercus)
| Leaf buds not bunched at twig tip, only simple hairs or glabrous, without stipule scars
Sabiaceae (Meliosma)
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| Leaf apex pointed, leaves mostly < 20 cm long, lower lateral veins ascending
Bignoniaceae (Amphitecna)
| Leaf apex rounded, most leaves > 20 cm, lower later veins perpendicular to midvein
Anacardiaceae (Anacardium)
|
| Petioles variable in length, weakly 3-veined, often with sparse teeth and stellate hairs
Araliaceae (Dendropanax, Oreopanax)
| Twigs slender, venation pinnate, margin entire, no stellate hairs, some with peltate scales
Capparidaceae (Capparis)
| Leaves dark green, long petioles, blade tipped upward, entire, outer bark black, Pacific slope, rare
Menispermaceae (Hyperbaena)
| Translucent dots, margin inconspicuously crenate or entire
Rutaceae (Peltostigma, Stauranthus)
| Petioloes uniform in length, swollen at base and apex, hairy domatia in vein axils, margin serrate
Flacourtiaceae (Lunania)
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| A larger and a smaller leaf close together, not opposite, at some nodes
Solanaceae
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| Twigs angular, grooved or asymmetric in cross-section, some with aromatic odor or translucent dots
Lauraceae (Beilschmiedia, Persea)
| Twigs not grooved, lateral veins often inconspicuous, petiole and midvein often reddish
Nyctaginaceae (Guapira, Neea)
| Petiole short with swollen base, oblanceolate leaves bunched at twig tips, apex blunt
Proteaceae (Panopsis)
| Inconspicuous teeth, sympodial branching, coarse simple hairs and often stellate hairs, some with folded leaf base
Clethraceae (Clethra)
| Margin entire, sympodial branching
Boraginaceae (Cordia)
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| Intra-petiolar stipules inconspicuous or fused to petiole base, some with teeth or stellate hairs
Araliaceae (Dendropanax, Oreopanax)
| Leaves dark green, entire, petiole with apical pulvinus and blade tipped up, outer bark black
Menispermaceae (Hyperbaena)
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| Twig x-section asymmetric, aromatic odor, leaves entire
Lauraceae (Cinnamomum)
| Spongy white pith, margins entire or irregularly toothed or lobed, leathery perma-press leaves
Asteraceae (Baccharis, etc.)
| Lateral veins few and strongly ascending, leaves leathery or fleshy, entire
Ericaceae
| Margin serrate, petiole swollen at both ends, minute stipules
Flacourtiaceae (Lunania)
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| Crenate, expressed midvein, looping lateral veins, blade extends along petiole
Theaceae (Cleyera, Symplococarpon)
| Narrowly elliptic, numerous parallel fairly straight lateral veins, serrate, asymmetric base
Theaceae (Freziera, Gordonia)
| Leaves glabrous, petiole blends into twig, sparse sharp teeth, leaves dry black, cloud forest light gaps
Icacinaceae (Calatola)
| Opaque red or translucent yellow dots and dashes, inconspicuous secondary veins, crenate
Myrsinaceae (Ardisia)
| Inconspicuous stipules, margin crenate, glabrous
Euphorbiaceae (Drypetes)
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| Tertiary veins parallel to midvein at middle of blade, some with translucent dots and dashes
Flacourtiaceae (Casearia)
| Petiole slightly winged, parallel secondary and inter-secondary veins, green bean odor
Fabaceae/Pap. (Swartzia)
| Petioles short, uniform length and ends often thickened, some with peltate scales, stalked ovary
Capparidaceae (Capparis)
| Inconspicuous stipules and stipule scars
Euphorbiaceae (Drypetes)
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| Leaves spiraled, dense hairs below, few lateral veins (5-8)
Styracaceae (Styrax)
| Leaves distichous, sparse hairs, numerous lateral veins (12-20), red latex in trunk, clear in petiole
Myristicaceae (Virola)
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| Inner bark with black layer, smooth green twigs
Ebenaceae (Diospyros)
| Twig forms a socket for petiole, sometimes forming knobs next to petiole
Solanaceae (Cestrum)
| Bark stringy, aromatic odor, tertiary veins often inconspicuous
Annonaceae (Annona, Desmopsis, Guatteria)
| Twigs zig-zag with slight lateral ridges, scant white latex in petiole
Olacaceae (Heisteria)
| Leaf fleshy, dark green, twigs smooth, green, inflorescence arises opposite petiole, rare
Icacinaceae (Citronella)
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| Petioles short (< 3cm), lateral veins straight and forked near apex, often with stellate hairs, folded leaf base, 3-lobed fruit
Clethraceae (Clethra)
| Petioles long (> 3cm), double toothed margin, no stellate hairs, secondary veins numerous, 5-lobed fruit
Actinidiaceae (Saurauia)
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| Stem grooved, rough hairs, leaf base extends along petiole
Asteraceae (Neurolena, Verbesina, Vernonia)
| Sunken midvein, crenate (sometimes obscure), shiny above, multiply looping lateral veins
Symplocaceae (Symplocos)
| Metallic punctations under leaf, leaves small and densely clustered
Myricaceae (Morella)
| Leaves small, elliptic, inflorescence on leaf dorsum, treelet or hemi-epiphyte
Grossulariaceae (Phyllonoma)
| Pubescent, sometimes urticating, large obovate leaves, little branched treelets of disturbed soil
Hydrophyllaceae (Wigandia)
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| Leaves oblanceolate, bunched at twig tips
Theaceae (Ternstroemia)
| Leaves white below, secondary veins obscure, peppery taste that numbs the mouth
Winteraceae (Drimys)
| Bark extremely stringy, ellastic fibers in torn leaf, leaf paler below, green bean odor
Thymelaeaceae (Daphnopsis)
| Leaves stiff and scale-like, < 2 cm wide, twigs scaly
Podocarpaceae (Podocarpus)
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| Leaves elliptic or else pubescent, twigs forked with a leaf or twig perpendicular to the fork, inner bark oxidizes orange-brown
Boraginaceae (Cordia, Bourreria, Ehretia)
| Leaves obovate and glabrous, bunched at twig tips, hair tufts in vein axils, smooth pealing bark, buttresses
Combretaceae (Terminalia)
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| Petiole distinct from twig, twig often forming a socket, some with knobs beside petiole, stellate hairs, pale corky bark, or rank tomato odor
Solanaceae (Acnistus, Cestrum)
| Weak wood with pith in twigs, perma-press leaf, often with simple scratchy hairs, minute oil droplets below, or rank odor
Asteraceae (Vernonia)
| Leaves membranous, blade extends down petiole, small dry berry with dehiscent cap, flat shiny black seeds- Amaranthaceae (Pleuropetalum)
Amaranthaceae (Pleuropetalum)
| Leaves fleshy and stiff with few strongly ascending lateral veins, blade poorly separated from short petiole, rare
Opiliaceae (Agonandra)
| Stellate pubescence and orange brown pubescent twigs
Styracaceae (Styrax)
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| Peltate or stellate scales, sap in petiole clear or milky (or red in trunk), some with nectar glands
Euphorbiaceae (Croton, Hyeronima)
| Yellow latex, nectaries on lateral veins below, dense beige pubescence below
Malvaceae (Hampea)
| Dark sap in twigs, many parallel secondary veins, large terminal stipule, palmately lobed or simple
Cecropiaceae (Cecropia, Coussapoa, Pourouma)
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| Leaves mostly distichous and serrate or crenate, latex tan to white (rarely translucent yellow), prominent collecting vein
Moraceae
| Leaves mostly spiraled, entire, fused conical stipules, prominent collecting vein, latex white (or translucent yellow), stipule scar circles twig
Moraceae (Ficus)
| Elongate fused terminal stipule, many parallel lateral veins, blade often whitish below
Cecropiaceae (Cecropia, Coussapoa, Pourouma)
| Latex white, often copious, nectar glands on petiole
Euphorbiaceae (Sapium, Tetrorchidium)
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| Stellate hairs or peltate scales, petiole often with clear exudate, sometimes aromatic
Euphorbiaceae (Acalypha, Alchornea, Croton)
| Without stellate or peltate scales, no exudate in petioles, nectaries on base of blade upperside
Flacourtiaceae (Hasseltia, Pleuranthodendron)
| A nectary on each main vein below
Malvaceae (Hampea)
|
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| With stellate hairs, stringy bark, often with apical pulvinus
Malvaceae (Malvaviscus, Triumfetta)
| No stellate hairs, petiole without apical pulvinus, weak bark, some species urticating
Urticaceae (Myriocarpa, Phenax, Urera)
| Large heart-shaped leaves, often with lateral lobes, stipules large and stalked
Bombacaceae (Ochroma)
|
| Petioles of different lengths, stipule inconspicuous, fused to petiole base (intra-petiolar), carrot odor
Araliaceae
| Small auriculate lobes at leaf base, nectar glands on main veins below, dense beige stellate pubescence
Malvaceae (Hampea)
|
| Stringy bark with mucilage, stellate hairs
Tiliaceae (Luehea, Mortoniodendron)
| Stringy bark without mucilage, often with scratchy simple hairs, leaf base unequal or lobed
Ulmaceae (Ampelocera, Trema)
| Petiole thick at both ends, hairs forming domatia in basal vein axils, without scratchy hairs
Flacourtiaceae (Lunania)
| Nodes swollen, circular stipule scar, leaf entire, base often asymmetric and lobed, aromatic or spicy odor
Piperaceae (Piper)
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|
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| Petiole short with a swollen base, stellate hairs, leaf buds bunched at twig tips, some with teeth
Fagaceae (Quercus)
| Ficus-like stipule leaving circular scar, leaf pale blue-white below or stipule scar on dorsum of petiole
Magnoliaceae (Magnolia, Talauma)
| Free 2 mm stipules, sunken midvein, dry forest tree with large white flowers
Onagraceae (Hauya)
| Sheath (ochrea) enclosing twig above node, one with stinging ants
Polygonaceae (Triplaris)
| Leaf whitish below with obscure secondary veins
Winteraceae (Drimys)
|
| Tiny triangular stipules dry in place, green layer in bark, crenations often inconspicuous, sunken midvein, blade often pitted below
Aquifoliaceae (Ilex)
| Double pulvinus, no mucilage or strong bark, sparse crenations, large stipules, leaves sometimes sub-opposite
Elaeocarpaceae (Sloanea)
| Leaves oblanceolate, large crenations, bunched at twig tips, tiny stipules, large yellow flowers, Pacific slope
Turneraceae (Erblichia)
| Large leaf with long petiole not swollen at apex, serrate
Urticaceae (Myriocarpa)
|
|
| Nodes swollen with circular stipule scar, base often asymmetric or lobed, aromatic or spicy odor
Piperaceae (Piper)
| Sheath-like stipule (ochrea) enclosing twig around and above node, one with stinging ants
Polygonaceae (Coccoloba, Ruprechtia, Triplaris)
| Leaves pale blue-green below, nectar glands on blade near base, rare treelet on Atlantic slope
Passifloraceae (Passiflora)
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| With mucilage and stringy bark, petiole round, stellate hairs
Malvaceae s.l. (Mortoniodendron, Quararibea)
| No mucilage, petiole narrowly winged
Fabaceae/Pap. (Swartzia)
|
|
| Bitter almond odor in twigs and bark, flat nectar glands on blade, stipules 2-5mm
Rosaceae (Prunus)
| No almond odor or nectar glands, short thick petioles, minute triangular stipules, rank odor
Capparidaceae (Capparis)
| Spicy or aromatic odor, zig-zag twigs with swollen nodes, some with stipule fused to petiole, new twig opposite leaf
Piperaceae (Piper)
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| Bark sandy when rubbed between fingers, stipules thread-like, some with two petiole glands
Chrysobalanaceae
| Bark not sandy, stipules serrate, leaf > 4cm wide, cloud forest, petiole often bearing inflorescence or scar
Dichapetalaceae (Dichapetalum)
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| Spicy or aromatic odor, zig-zag twigs with swollen nodes, some with stipule fused to petiole, new twig opposite leaf
Piperaceae (Piper)
| Persistent brown intra-petiolar stipules (striated), wintergreen odor in twig, aestivation lines
Erythroxylaceae (Erythroxylum)
| Unequal leaf base, inconspicuous stipule scars, clear sap in petiole
Euphorbiaceae (Drypetes, Margaritaria, Phyllanthus)
| Stipules are leaf-like bracts, rank odor
Solanaceae- (Cestrum)
| Nectar glands at base of blade, petioles uniform length without pulvinus, Atlantic slope
Rhamnaceae (Colubrina)
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| Scratchy simple hairs, leaf base unequal, stringy bark
Ulmaceae (Ulmus)
| One tooth per lateral vein, glabrous, stipule scar circles twig, brown-black dead leaves on ground
Ticodendraceae (Ticodendron)
| Two teeth per lateral vein, stipule scars linear, rare
Betulaceae (Alnus)
| Fine teeth, lateral veins straight near base, curving upward distally, rare
Rhamnaceae (Rhamnus)
|
| Thin orange layer immediately beneath bark surface, tiny triangular stipules
Celastraceae (Maytenus, Perrottetia)
| Without orange layer, some with translucent dots and dashes, glandular teeth or spines
Flacourtiaceae (Casearia, Prockia, Xylosma)
| Leaf base often asymmetric, clear sap in petiole, obscure stipule scars
Euphorbiaceae (Drypetes, Margaritaria, Phyllanthus)
| Lateral veins strongly ascending with parallel intersecondary veins, blade narrow elliptic, yellow flowers
Ochnaceae (Ouratea)
|
|
| Sparse teeth, inter-petiolar ridge, lateral veins expressed, midvein almost flat above
Caprifoliaceae (Viburnum)
| Entire, no inter-petiolar ridge, lateral veins flat and inconspicuous, midvein expressed above
Nyctaginaceae (Guapira, Neea)
| Copious white latex, finger-shaped scale glands in axil of petiole
Apocynaceae (Alstonia, Rauvolfia)
|
| Terminal petioles well separated, lateral veins distinct, copious white latex, tiny finger-shaped glands in petiole axil
Apocynaceae
| Terminal petioles pressed together, lateral veins often inconspicuous and closely parallel, latex white, orange or clear
Clusiaceae
| Inter-petiolar ridge, white pith, some white pubescent below, some lobed
Asteraceae (Liabum, Munnozia)
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| Secondary veins parallel the margin and reach leaf apex, ladder-like tertiary veins
Melastomataceae
| Often with a combination of lobed margin, scratchy hairs, rank odor, stem with pith, inter-petiolar ridge, and perma-press leaves
Asteraceae
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|
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| Strong citronella odor, teeth of two sizes
Monimiaceae (Siparuna)
| Dense wooly stellate hairs, margin serrate, blade extends down petiole
Loganiaceae (Buddleja)
| Few teeth, leaves almost round
Caprifoliaceae (Viburnum)
|
| Square twigs, widened nodes, often with nectar glands at base of blade, inter-petiolar ridge
Verbenaceae
| Few teeth, leaves broadly ovate
Caprifoliaceae (Viburnum)
| Twigs with green pith, leaves serrate, leathery perma-press, some with rank odors
Asteraceae (Koanophyllon)
| Glabrous, sparse sharp teeth toward leaf apex, black fruit-lets on a red receptacle
Monimiaceae (Mollinedia)
|
|
| Aromatic odor, some with translucent dots
Lauraceae (Beilschmiedia, Persea)
| No aromatic odor, sympodial branching, leaves often fleshy with inconspicuous lateral veins
Nyctaginaceae (Neea, Guapira)
|
| Translucent dots, aromatic odor, well-developed collecting vein
Myrtaceae
| Stem swollen above nodes, stems often square and brittle, inter-petiolar ridge, herbs, treelets and one large tree
Acanthaceae
| Square twigs, widened nodes, often with nectar glands at base of blade, inter-petiolar ridge
Verbenaceae
| Strongly ascending lateral veins, blade white-pubescent below, ellastic fibers in torn leaf
Cornaceae (Cornus)
|
|
| Spines present, leaves small and glabrous, flowers radially symmetric
Nyctaginaceae (Pisonia)
| Spines absent, flowers zygomorphic, flowers mostly orange, zygomorphic
Gesneriaceae (Besleria)
|
|
| Weak inter-petiolar ridge, teeth rare, leaves almost round, twig buds with stipule-like bracts
Caprifoliaceae (Viburnum)
| Leaves elliptic to oblanceolate, long petioles, no interpetiolar ridge, lenticels, fluted trunk
Oleaceae
| Some leaves sub-opposite, lateral veins obscure, bright orange flowers and fruits, treelets or hemi-epiphytes
Loranthaceae (Gaiadendron)
|
| Orange and yellow inner bark layers, fleshy glabrous elliptic leaves, minute triangular stipules disappear after leaf expansion
Hippocrateaceae (Salacia)
| Midvein angular below (in cross-section edges slightly hooked), secondary veins obscure, leaves fleshy, narrowly elliptic
Melastomataceae (Mouriri)
| Leaves broadly obovate with few lateral veins, petiole bases joined across node
Gentianaceae (Macrocarpaea)
|
|
|
| Teeth inconspicous or none, short petioles angled or curved upward, only 4 lateral veins loop-connected far from margin
Rhizophoraceae (Cassipourea)
| Leaf always entire, petioles not curved, > 4 lateral veins, inferior ovary
Rubiaceae
|
| Stipules round, without teeth, margin distinctly serrate
Cunoniaceae (Weinmannia)
| Stipules form a sheath between petioles bearing two or more narrow teeth, leaves finely serrate, lemon odor
Chloranthaceae (Hedyosmum)
|
|
| Orange layer in bark just below surface, tiny triangular stipules, twigs often ridged, margin crenate
Celastraceae (Crossopetalum, Euonymus)
| Double pulvinus, leaves often sub-opposite, sparse crenations
Elaeocarpaceae (Sloanea)
| Leaf 3-veined with long petioles, no apical swelling, large stipules
Urticaceae (Boehmeria)
| Petioles short, leaf broad, obovate to elliptic, inconspicuous teeth, treelets, Pacific slope below 700 m
Violaceae (Rinorea)
|
| T-shaped hairs, stipules sometimes on petiole, nectar glands on leaf blade
Malpighiaceae
| Orange layer in bark, leaf thick and pointed, long petiole
Hippocrateaceae (Salacia)
| Leaf rounded and stiff, petiole very short
Alzateaceae (Alzatea)
| Large obovate leaves 3 per node, sort swollen petiole, twigs with sharp ridges, Atlantic slope
Vochysiaceae (Vochysia)
|
| Leaves bipinnate, leaflets serrate
Sapindaceae (Dilodendron)
|
| Short spines on petiole, leaflets serrate with spiny teeth, leaves pinnate, stiff, like plastic
Zamiaceae (Zamia)
| Spines long and thin or absent, leaflets without spine-tipped teeth, leaves pinnate or palmate
Arecaceae
|
|
|
| Translucent dots
Rutaceae (Amyris, Casimiroa)
| No translucent dots, odor like lighter fluid, terminal leaflet tipped upward, pulvinus swollen at tip
Burseraceae (Protium)
|
| Sparse teeth, hair tufts in vein axils
Sapindaceae (Allophylus)
|
| Leaflets soft and membranous, foetid odor, treelet
Tovariaceae (Tovaria)
| Leaflets distinctly articulated, varying from 1-3, seasonal forest
Capparidaceae (Forchhammeria)
| Watery white latex, long petioles without apical pulvinus, wet forest
Caricaceae (Jacaratia)
|
| Translucent dots, aromatic odor
Rutaceae (Casimiroa)
| No translucent dots, petioles varying in length, inconspicuous stipules fused to petiole
Araliaceae (Oreopanax)
|
|
| Aromatic odor (citrus), translucent dots (often restricted to leaflet margin), often with spines and crenate, yellow inner bark
Rutaceae (Zanthoxylum)
| Rachis ending in a leaf bud, entire, 4-parted fruit capsule
Meliaceae (Guarea)
| Leaflets 2-6, narrow, a thread-like appendage at end of rachis, fruit fleshy
Sapindaceae (Exothea)
| Leafllets more than 6, pit domatia, garlic odor, without a terminal bud
Meliaceae (Cedrela)
|
|
| Mango odor, resinous white or clear latex slow to appear, dries black, rachis often reddish, sometimes serrate
Anacardiaceae
| Aromatic (lighter fluid, turpentine), white or clear latex dries white, entire, pealing bark or petiolule with apical pulvinus
Burseraceae (Bursera, Protium)
| Aromatic citrus odor, translucent dots often restricted to crenate margin, often with spines, inner bark yellow
Rutaceae (Zanthoxylum)
| Unpleasant odor of spoiled tuna and garlic, sparse teeth, strongly ascending lateral veins, simple leaves in sun
Proteaceae (Roupala)
|
| Rachis ending with a pointed appendage or scar, last leaflet angled to one side, petiole base and twigs grooved, leaflets often alternate
Sapindaceae
|
|
| Terminal leaflet larger, often bent to side, entire, inner bark yellow with sweet odor
Meliaceae (Trichilia)
| Veins yellow against light, terminal leaflet tipped up, entire, inner bark reddish orange
Anacardiaceae (Tapirira)
| Leaflets 5-9, veins and rachis yellow-orange, sometimes weakly serrate, Mickey Mouse fruits
Simaroubaceae (Picrasma)
|
| Base of lateral leaflets asymmetric, bitter odor and taste in bark, margin entire
Simaroubaceae (Picramnia)
| Base symmetric, terminal leaflet often bent to side, inner bark yellow with sweet odor
Meliaceae (Trichilia, Ruagea)
|
| Leaves bipinnate, often with a sessile nectary on petiole, conspicuous stamens and inconspicuous corolla
Fabaceae/Mim.
|
| Green bean odor, spines
Fabaceae/Pap. (Erythrina)
| No bean odor, no spines, simple and compound leaves mixed
Capparidaceae (Forchhammeria)
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| Petioles varying in length, stipules ligulate or inconspicuous and fused to petiole base, no strong bark, mucilage or spines, often hemi-epiphytes
Araliaceae
| Strong bark, mucilage, often with spines on trunk, large trees
Bombacaceae
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| Odd-pinnate, without nectar glands, green bean odor, inconspicuous stipules, cylindrical petiolules
Fabaceae/Pap.
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| Odd-pinnate, without nectar glands, green bean odor, inconspicuous stipules, cylindrical petiolules
Fabaceae/Pap.
| A nectar gland on rachis between each leaflet pair, rachis often winged, flowers with conspicuous exserted stamens
Fabaceae/Mim. (Inga)
| Finger-shaped nectar gland at base and tip of rachis, or none, flowers yellow
Fabaceae/Caes. (Senna)
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| Odd-pinnate, without nectar glands, green bean odor, inconspicuous stipules, cylindrical petiolules
Fabaceae/Pap.
| A nectar gland on rachis between each leaflet pair, rachis often winged, flowers with conspicuous exserted stamens
Fabaceae/Mim. (Inga)
| Finger-shaped nectar gland at base and tip of rachis, or none, flowers yellow
Fabaceae/Caes. (Senna)
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| Odd-pinnate, without nectar glands, green bean odor, inconspicuous stipules, cylindrical petiolules
Fabaceae/Pap.
| A nectar gland on rachis between each leaflet pair, rachis often winged, flowers with conspicuous exserted stamens
Fabaceae/Mim. (Inga)
| Finger-shaped nectar gland at base and tip of rachis, or none, flowers yellow
Fabaceae/Caes. (Senna)
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| Odd-pinnate, without nectar glands, green bean odor, inconspicuous stipules, cylindrical petiolules
Fabaceae/Pap.
| A nectar gland on rachis between each leaflet pair, rachis often winged, flowers with conspicuous exserted stamens
Fabaceae/Mim. (Inga)
| Finger-shaped nectar gland at base and tip of rachis, or none, flowers yellow
Fabaceae/Caes. (Senna)
| A nectar gland on rachis between each leaflet pair, rachis often winged, flowers with conspicuous exserted stamens
Fabaceae/Mim. (Inga)
| Finger-shaped nectar gland at base and tip of rachis, or none, flowers yellow
Fabaceae/Caes. (Senna)
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| Odd-pinnate, without nectar glands, green bean odor, inconspicuous stipules, cylindrical petiolules
Fabaceae/Pap.
| A nectar gland on rachis between each leaflet pair, rachis often winged, flowers with conspicuous exserted stamens
Fabaceae/Mim. (Inga)
| Finger-shaped nectar gland at base and tip of rachis, or none, flowers yellow
Fabaceae/Caes. (Senna)
| Odd-pinnate, without nectar glands, green bean odor, inconspicuous stipules, cylindrical petiolules
Fabaceae/Pap.
| A nectar gland on rachis between each leaflet pair, rachis often winged, flowers with conspicuous exserted stamens
Fabaceae/Mim. (Inga)
| Finger-shaped nectar gland at base and tip of rachis, or none, flowers yellow
Fabaceae/Caes. (Senna)
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| Odd-pinnate, without nectar glands, green bean odor, inconspicuous stipules, cylindrical petiolules
Fabaceae/Pap.
| A nectar gland on rachis between each leaflet pair, rachis often winged, flowers with conspicuous exserted stamens
Fabaceae/Mim. (Inga)
| Finger-shaped nectar gland at base and tip of rachis, or none, flowers yellow
Fabaceae/Caes. (Senna)
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| Odd-pinnate, without nectar glands, green bean odor, inconspicuous stipules, cylindrical petiolules
Fabaceae/Pap.
| A nectar gland on rachis between each leaflet pair, rachis often winged, flowers with conspicuous exserted stamens
Fabaceae/Mim. (Inga)
| Finger-shaped nectar gland at base and tip of rachis, or none, flowers yellow
Fabaceae/Caes. (Senna)
| A nectar gland on rachis between each leaflet pair, rachis often winged, flowers with conspicuous exserted stamens
Fabaceae/Mim. (Inga)
| Finger-shaped nectar gland at base and tip of rachis, or none, flowers yellow
Fabaceae/Caes. (Senna)
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| Odd-pinnate, without nectar glands, green bean odor, inconspicuous stipules, cylindrical petiolules
Fabaceae/Pap.
| A nectar gland on rachis between each leaflet pair, rachis often winged, flowers with conspicuous exserted stamens
Fabaceae/Mim. (Inga)
| Finger-shaped nectar gland at base and tip of rachis, or none, flowers yellow
Fabaceae/Caes. (Senna)
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| Odd-pinnate, without nectar glands, green bean odor, inconspicuous stipules, cylindrical petiolules
Fabaceae/Pap.
| A nectar gland on rachis between each leaflet pair, rachis often winged, flowers with conspicuous exserted stamens
Fabaceae/Mim. (Inga)
| Finger-shaped nectar gland at base and tip of rachis, or none, flowers yellow
Fabaceae/Caes. (Senna)
| A nectar gland on rachis between each leaflet pair, rachis often winged, flowers with conspicuous exserted stamens
Fabaceae/Mim. (Inga)
| Finger-shaped nectar gland at base and tip of rachis, or none, flowers yellow
Fabaceae/Caes. (Senna)
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| Odd-pinnate, without nectar glands, green bean odor, inconspicuous stipules, cylindrical petiolules
Fabaceae/Pap.
| A nectar gland on rachis between each leaflet pair, rachis often winged, flowers with conspicuous exserted stamens
Fabaceae/Mim. (Inga)
| Finger-shaped nectar gland at base and tip of rachis, or none, flowers yellow
Fabaceae/Caes. (Senna)
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| A nectar gland on rachis between each leaflet pair, rachis often winged, flowers with conspicuous exserted stamens
Fabaceae/Mim. (Inga)
| Finger-shaped nectar gland at base and tip of rachis, or none, flowers yellow
Fabaceae/Caes. (Senna)
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| A nectar gland on rachis between each leaflet pair, rachis often winged, flowers with conspicuous exserted stamens
Fabaceae/Mim. (Inga)
| Finger-shaped nectar gland at base and tip of rachis, or none, flowers yellow
Fabaceae/Caes. (Senna)
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| Leaves palmate, with 5 or more leaflets, without stipules, large tubular zygomorphic flowers
Bignoniaceae (Godmania, Tabebuia)
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| With translucent dots, aromatic citrus odor
Rutaceae (Amyris)
| No translucent dots, distinct petiolule, strictly 3 leaflets or fewer, dying leaves turn red
Hippocastanaceae (Billia)
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| Leaflets entire, green bean odor, cylindrical petiolule, stipules only visible on new growth, Atlantic slope
Fabaceae/Pap. (Platymiscium)
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| Winged rachis, rounded inter-petiolar stipules, no stipels
Cunoniaceae (Weinmannia)
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| Leaflets oblong with > 10 lateral veins, densely pubescent below, rachis not jointed
Brunelliaceae (Brunellia)
| Leaflets broad with < 10 lateral veins, glabrous, rachis jointed and grooved
Staphyleaceae (Turpinia)
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| Leaflets alternate or subopposite, blue-white below, flowers not showy
Juglandaceae (Alfaroa, Oreomunnea)
| Leaflets opposite, serrate, green below
Bignoniaceae (Tecoma)
| Translucent dots, leaflets 3-5, entire
Rutaceae (Amyris)
| Leaflets opposite, basal leaflets lobed, small white flowers in umbels, cultivated or escaped
Caprifoliaceae (Sambucus)
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| Margin of leaflets with spiny teeth, short spines (4-8 mm) on petiole, leaf with stiff plastic texture
Zamiaceae (Zamia)
| Leaves palmately compound
Cryosophila
| Stem smooth, leaf green below, less than 2 m long, spines slender, leaf pinnate with leaflets rising out of rachis plane or simple
Bactris
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| Leaflets in a plane, Atlantic slope, fruit spiny
Astrocaryum
| Leaflets spreading out of rachis plane, dry Pacific slope, fruit not spiny
Acrocomia
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| Circular scar below flowers or fruit, inflorescence unbranched
Calyptrogyne
| Peduncle without a circular scar below flowers, inflorescence simple or branched, scruffy gray-brown hairs
Geonoma
| Inflorescence broom-like with many slender flattened branches to 25 cm long, slender 1-5 m stems, glabrous
Synechanthus
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| Leaflets S-shaped, yellow-green stripe on underside of petiole and rachis, without a crown shaft, dioecious
Chamaedorea
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| Leaflets > 10 cm wide, stilt roots, large trees
Iriartea
| Leaflets narrow and spreading, without a ring of dense roots at base, inflorescence not hairy
Prestoea
| Leaflets narrow and pendulous, dense ring of small roots at base, inflorescence densely hairy
Euterpe
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